CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 Size and configuration
2.1 Scaling Trends
2.1.1 Scaling laws
2.1.2 Summary review of large turbines
2.1.3 Size and mass trends in offshore context
2.1.4 Large wind turbine cost trends
2.1.5 Summary of trends in offshore wind technology
2.2 Manufacturers
2.2.1 General data sources on manufacturers
2.2.2 Geographical regions
2.2.3 Summary of blade manufacturers
2.2.4 Current status of blade technology
2.3 Offshore Prototypes
2.3.1 Offshore projects
2.4 Gearboxes in the Offshore Context
2.5 Future Trends
2.6 Bibliography
2.6.1 R&D plans/needs
2.7 References
2.7.1 ENEA
2.7.2 GH
3 Support structure
3.1 Design Development – Piled Foundations
3.1.1 Operational experience
3.1.2 Piling techniques
3.2 Design Development – Gravity Foundations
3.2.1 Operational experience
3.2.2 Design configuration
3.3 System Dynamics
3.3.1 Sea bed conditions
3.3.2 Wave excitation
3.3.3 Structure types
3.4 Icing
3.5 Breaking Waves
3.5.1 Operational experience
3.5.2 Modelling
3.5.3 Research for offshore wind
3.6 Design Developments
4 Standards
4.1 General
4.2 GL Offshore Standard
4.3 Danish Recommendation for Technical Approval of Offshore Wind Turbines (Rekommandation for Teknisk Godkendelse af Vindmøller på Havet)
4.4 IEC Offshore Wind Turbine Standards
4.4.1 Review
4.4.2 Objective of WG03
4.4.3 Contents
4.5 Offshore Environment
4.6 Offshore Industry Standards
4.7 EU-Project Recommendations for Design of Offshore Wind Turbines (RECOFF)
4.8 References
5 Project Experience
5.1 Methods Used
5.2 Problems Encountered
5.3 Design Options
5.3.1 Assembly design
5.3.2 Transportation
5.3.3 Erection
5.4 Other Sources, Further Area of Work
5.5 RTD Priorities
5.6 References
6 Operation and maintenance
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Land Based Comparative Data
6.3 Offshore O&M Models
6.4 Maintenance Strategies
6.5 O&M Offshore Experience
6.5.1 Availability
6.5.2 Operational expenditure
6.5.3 Serviceability
6.5.4 Access for maintenance
6.6 Designs for Reduced Maintenance
6.6.1 Component reliability
6.6.2 Corrosion protection
6.6.3 Control and condition monitoring
6.6.4 Back-up power
6.6.5 Conclusions
6.7 References
7 Electrical
7.1 Electrical Systems within the Wind Turbine
7.1.1 Variable or fixed speed
7.1.2 Direct drive
7.1.3 Scanwind: Windformer concept
7.1.4 Voltage level for output
7.1.5 Control system and SCADA
7.1.6 Robustness
7.1.7 Earthing and lightning protection
7.2 Electrical Systems within the Wind Farm
7.2.1 Voltage level
7.2.2 Cable laying techniques
7.3 Transmission to Shore
7.3.1 Voltage level
7.3.2 Offshore substations
7.3.3 HVDC
7.3.4 Cable installation
7.3.5 Energy storage
7.4 Summary
7.5 References
8 General REFERENCES
It is stated in the contractual work package description that Task 2.1 of the OWEE project aims to “define the maturity of the technology currently available for offshore wind farms”.
This aim is to be achieved through collation and interpretation of relevant information in relation to the following key technological issues (a “state-of-the-art” summary):
· Size and configuration of wind turbines suitable for offshore installations
· Support structure design
· Installation, decommissioning and dismantling
· Operation and maintenance (O&M), reliability
· Electrical transmission and grid connection
The following companies are involved in Work Package 2.1, having responsibilities as stated.
· Garrad Hassan and Partners (GH) – work package co-ordinator and electrical transmission and grid connection
· ENEA – size and configuration of wind turbines
· Kvaerner Oil and Gas (KOG)– support structure
· Germanischer Lloyd WindEnergie GmbH - standards
· VTT – installation and decommissioning
· Vindkompaniet (VKAB) – O&M
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Updated September 2008
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